contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument

contemporaries who agreed with franck's argumentmarc d'amelio house address. Recall: PAP(s): A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. Answer: Explanation: Background In 1938, a small group of German scientists accidentally discovered nuclear fission. Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. Fosse Dancers: The thrill of "Bob Fosse's Dancin'," a revival of the 1978 musical is, aptly, its dancers. Given mutual trust and willingness on all sides to give up a certain part of their sovereign rights, by admitting international control of certain phases of national economy, the control could be exercised (alternatively or simultaneously) on two different levels. For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. The Franck Report: A Report to the Secretary of War, June 1945 Princeton senior claims campuses' leftward lurch creates generation of PAP(s) and the twin world condition are therefore both sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones or S or whoever, but PAP(s) is not necessary because moral responsibility could still be attributed to the subject where PAP(s) fails to be satisfied but (and therefore because) the twin world condition is satisfied. The Federalist Papers (article) | Khan Academy It seems that we have not escaped the need for alternate possibilities, thereby making alternate possibilities necessary. In the context of Frankfurts scenario, which I am equating to W1, it is made clear that Jones did what he did irrespective of Blacks wishes, and therefore without the need for Blacks intervention. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Schnall, I. M. (2001). ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. In the twin world condition, S is ascribed moral responsibility because alternate possibilities, should they have been available, would not have changed Ss decision making. The Enduring Influence of Jean Piaget - Association for - APS As long as nuclear bombs remain scarce (i.e. - my will is free if it conforms with my second order desires (my will is my own). Our possibilities of retaliation -- even if retaliation should be considered adequate compensation for the loss of millions of lives and destruction of our largest cities -- will be greatly handicapped because we must rely on aerial transportation of the bombs, and also because we may have to deal with an enemy whose industry and population are dispersed over a large territory. Despite the intricacies of some of these continuing debates, focus remains on PAP as a necessary condition for moral responsibility. editors. As a sufficient condition for moral responsibility, the principle of alternate possibilities reads as follows: A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. Frederick Franck: Life and Work - World Wisdom (c) At the end of the story, how does the stranger's visit continue to affect the family? (1954) and S.J.d. Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. As is well documented, this scenario led Frankfurt to conclude that PAP is false because, intuitively, we want to assign moral responsibility to Jones in this situation even though clauses (a) and/or (b) are not met and so he could not have done otherwise: a necessary condition for moral responsibility under the original PAP. The certainty that German scientists were working on this weapon and that their government would certainly have no scruples against using it when available, was the main motivation of the initiative which American scientists took in urging the development of nuclear power for military purposes on a large scale in this country. (Frankfurt 1969, p.835)Footnote 1. Palmer, D. (2011). Therefore, only lacks of mutual trust, and not lack of desire for agreement, can stand in the path of an efficient agreement for the prevention of nuclear warfare. [18] Third parties often bring attention to topics that are unpopular or unknown. Request Permissions. Frankfurt's Compatibilism Flashcards | Quizlet Janzen, G. (2013). positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common. I conclude by arguing that while neither PAP(s) nor the twin world condition is necessary for an ascription of moral responsibility, given that each nevertheless makes reference to alternate possibilities in some form or other (as yet to be discussed), what is necessary is that one of these condition is satisfied: for where both fail to be satisfied, one cannot hold the agent of action morally responsible. It must be pointed out that in this field we are in a less favorable position than nations which are now more diffusely populated and either whose industries are more scattered, or whose governments have unlimited power over the movement of population and the location of industrial plants. Why is the prisoner example ultimately not convincing? The first and perhaps the simplest way is to ration the raw materialsprimarily, the uranium ores. In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. However, even though these countries may value human life less than the peoples of Western Europe and America, and even though Russia, in particular, has an immense space over which its vital industries could be dispersed and a government which can order this dispersion the day it is convinced that such a measure is necessary -- there is no doubt that Russia, too, will shudder at the possibility of a sudden, disintegration of Moscow and Leningrad, almost miraculously preserved in the present war, and of its new industrial cities in the Urals and Siberia. Black is prepared to go to considerable lengths to get his way, but he prefers to avoid showing his hand unnecessarily. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. Including a soundproof, well-lit living room and a double-faade of glass to control the effects of outside temperature, Le Corbusiers habitable towers were to include at least twelve dwelling floors each and accommodate 1,000 people per hectare (2.47 acres). Complete the sentence by inferring information about the italicized word from its context. It is not necessary because, where alternate possibilities are not available (as in, a Frankfurt-style scenario akin to W1), and therefore S could not have done otherwise on a given occasion, one can still ascribe moral responsibility through an enforcement of the twin world condition. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? By way of a response, consider the following: Where Ss action E in world W1 (a world without alternate possibilities, owing to the possibility of intervention) and Ss action E in twin world W2 (which differs from W1 only insofar as it is a world with alternate possibilities) are congruent then S in either world is morally responsible for E. To illustrate how one might apply the twin world condition, consider scenarios (1) and (2): W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (an immoral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (an immoral act), W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (a moral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (a moral act). Frankfurt/Watson need a principled distinction here. Also, we have arguably not yet made the progress toward seamless technological integration he had hoped for. Young, G. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example. the leaders of organizations within the Executive Office of the President. Describes a situation in which someone is morally responsible but is unable to do otherwise. Skyscrapers and other buildings today do take up more than 12 percent of the available land area in cities, but todays urban planners and designers are pushing for increased density, something Le Corbusier would have likely appreciated. The twin world condition also avoids getting bogged down in the debate over whether the relationship between the sign and the decision is indicative of determinism or is indeterminate (Ginet and Palmer 2010; Robinson 2012; Shabo 2011). Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, killing nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs. FF: brainwasher AND cultman are both FULLY responsible, Why is whole-heartedness problematic for our intuitions about FW. Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. The presidents cabinet consists of Never mentioning Le Corbusier by name, Wright nonetheless references his contemporarys argument by using Le Corbusiers terms and ideas directly and responding (unfavorably) to them, but The Times introduction makes the connection to the earlier article by Le Corbusier perfectly clear, describing Wrights ideas as diametrically opposed to Le Corbusiers. If in this way, check is kept on the conversion of uranium and thorium ore into pure fissionable materials, the question arises as to how to prevent accumulation of large quantities of such materials in the hands of one or several nations. Many different political ideologies were represented in the Republic, Which statement best explains why many Germans became discontented with the Weimar Republic in the early 1930s-, Germany experienced widespread unemployment and inflated prices. 23 Ibid, at 119. 25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. Putting all of this together, we can now see how each sufficient condition contains a different form of, and therefore a different role for, alternate possibilities. In 2008, about ten years after Freire's death, in a special issue of the Journal of Thought dedicated to his ideas, for example, Cal State education professor A. Dee Williams has used the book . 231248). ), Faith, freedom, and rationality (pp. the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. The superego operates both unconsciously and . The Role of History in Franck's Fairness931 20 Ibid, at 86. If this is the case, then we are in a position that is ultimately no different to the original formulation of PAP in which it is necessary that the subject could have done otherwise. The Journal of Philosophy Therefore, an international agreement is necessary to ensure that nuclear weapons are only used for deterrence purposes and never deployed in a conflict. 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? We felt, however, that the dilemma had to be stated, to show what kind of alternative method of protection will have to be considered if no successful international agreement is reached. Russia is known to be mining radium on its own territory; and even if we do not know the size of the deposits discovered so far in the USSR, the probability that no large reserves of uranium will be found in a country which covers one-fifth of the land area of the earth (and whose sphere of influence takes in additional territory) is too small to serve as a basis for security. Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. However, unspoken among the delegates was the knowledge that George Washington would become the first president , and they trusted him to define the office. answer choices. the four top leaders in Congress and the chief justice of the Supreme Court. - 103.138.151.18. He then sets out, using his now famous counter-example involving Jones and Black, to show that PAP is false. Ethics, 101(2), 258278. (2010). Enough to make our 1st order desire free, but is it enough to explain responsibility. Thomas M. Franck Murry and Ida Becker Professor of Law Emeritus Professor Franck graduated from the University of British Columbia with a b.a. The Key Arguments of Jefferson for Independence and the - GradesFixer Since its founding it has been published fromColumbia University. Third parties shift voters' attention away from major-party candidates. We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. Written in 1531, likely at the beginning of the year, this work stands temporally in the middle of Marpeck's controversy with the Geister. The answer is that all that these advantages can give us is the accumulation of a larger number of bigger and better atomic bombs. We believe that these considerations make the use of nuclear bombs for an early unannounced attack against Japan inadvisable. Philosophical Studies, 153, 261272. What is the point of the cult-man objection? He decided to do this without the intervention of Black, and so made this decision oblivious to the fact that he could not have decided nor done other than he did. Instead it has harnessed us to itself and plunged us into slavery, he wrote. We believe that our acquaintance with the scientific elements of the situation and prolonged preoccupation with its world-wide political implications, imposes on us the obligation to offer to the Committee some suggestions as to the possible solution of these grave problems. 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. Question 10. Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. Despite such objections, educators have continued to find Pedagogy of the Oppressed relevant and to adapt its arguments to their contemporary context. Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows?, Frankfurt Examples. In case chances for the establishment of an effective international control of nuclear weapons should have to be considered slight at the present time, then not only the use of these weapons against Japan, but even their early demonstration, may be contrary to the interests of this country. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. Neither architect lived to see their vision come true, but both were right about some aspects of their future, todays present.